HPAVC/HPAVC CD-ROM.iso/pc/MTASK20.ZIP/MTASK.PRT

Text File | 1990-03-15 | 18.8 KB | 853 lines

MTASK 2.0 by Wayne Conrad










                                MTASK


MTASK is a unit for Turbo Pascal 5.5, to allow a Turbo Pascal program
to exhibit simple multi-tasking.  MTASK gives your program a
non-preemptive, request driven multi-tasking capability.  I will
explain what I mean by that later.

MTASK 2.0 was written and donated to the public domain by Wayne E.
Conrad (me) in March of 1990.  I may be contact via my BBS,

     Pascalaholics Anonymous
     [phone]
     300/1200/2400 bps
     24 hours/day

or by mail at my home:

     10 E Bell Road #1001
     Phoenix, AZ  85022

I am interested in any modifications, bug reports, or comments you
have.

If you modify this package, please keep my name and the name of any
other programmers who've worked on it intact.  Give credit to yourself,
too!  Please distribute the complete package, with documentation and
demonstration programs included.





















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1.1 INTRODUCTION


MTASK allows your Turbo Pascal program to do simple multi-tasking.  I
call MTASK's brand of multi-tasking "non-preemptive, request driven."

Preemptive means that the switch from one task to another can happen at
almost any time.  Most preemptive systems have an interrupt driver
hooked to a hardware timer, which causes a task switch every time the
hardware timer goes off.  The advantage of this kind of multi-tasking
is that your programs don't have to be written with multi-tasking in
mind, and don't even have to know that its taking place.  Also, no
program can hog the system for long, because the interrupt driver
switches from one program to another fairly often.  Desqview and
Double-DOS, and OS/2 are operating environments that do preemptive,
interrupt-driven multi-tasking.  The disadvantage of this kind of
multi-tasking is that it can be complex to write and difficult in the
extreme to debug.  These difficulties are compounded in an MS-DOS
environment because MS-DOS was not meant to be used in a multi-tasking
environment.

On the other hand, non-preemptive multi-tasking only switches tasks at
certain, well defined times.  There is no interrupt driver that forces
task switches.  In the original Macintosh operating system, for example,
task switches only occured when a task called the operating system.  The
advantage of non-preemptive multi-tasking is that it is much simpler to
write and debug than preemptive multi-tasking, because the system has
total control of when task-switches occur.  The disadvantage to this
form of multi-tasking is that a task must request a task switch often if
the other tasks are to receive their chance to execute.  If a task does
not request a task switch for a long time, the other tasks will appear
to pause.  What's worse, if a task crashes, it won't be able to call the
operating system to let the other tasks execute, so they'll all be hung
too.

MTASK implements a very simple method of non-preemptive multi-tasking
that I call "request driven."  Request driven means that task switches
occur only when the current task calls MTASK and requests a switch.
(The sole exception is that a task switch occurs when the current task
terminates itself).  This is about the simplest form of multi-tasking
that I can envision.  It is so simple that the entire MTASK unit
compiles to only about 1400 bytes with stack checking and range
checking turned off, or less if you don't use all of its procedures.
This simplicity also made MTASK easy to write and debug.  MTASK was
written in one day!



1.2 WHAT ARE MTASK'S LIMITS?


MTASK allows your program to set up multiple tasks within itself.
These tasks will execute concurrently.  However, it does not effect



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anything outside of your program.  It does not allow you to run
multiple programs, multiple copies of COMMAND.COM, or anything else
like that.  It simply allows your program to do several things
concurrently without stumbling over itself.

As far as DOS is concerned, your program using MTASK is still just a
simple program.  All of the gymnastics to keep track of multiple tasks
are done by MTASK, withing your program, without the knowledge or
consent of DOS or anything else outside of your program.  Because MTASK
is so simple, it will coexist fine with any "real" multi-tasking DOS
you have set up, such as DesqView or Double-DOS.  Whenever the DOS
gives your program some time, your program will dole out that time to
its tasks.

Your program must continue to execute for its tasks to execute.  If any
task in your program exits to DOS for any reason, including a run-time
error, all tasks stop executing.  If one of your tasks shells out by
using Turbo's Exec function, then the other tasks in your program are
suspended until control returns from the Exec function to your program.

MTASK must not be made into an overlay.  Any of the tasks it controls
may be overlays, although that may be unwise.  You could end up loading
an overlay from disk during each task switch!

































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2.1 SUMMARY OF PROCEDURES AND FUNCTIONS


To use MTASK, include it in your program's USES statements.  MTASK will
initialize itself automatically, making your main program task #1.
Your program can then use the following procedures and functions to
create and control tasks:


     create_task         Create another task

     terminate_task      Destroy a task

     switch_task         Switch to another task

     current_task_id     Return the task ID of the current task

     number_of_tasks     Return the current number of tasks






































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2.1.1 PROCEDURE CREATE_TASK


PROCEDURE create_task
  (
  task      : task_proc;
  VAR param ;
  stack_size: Word;
  VAR id    : Word;
  VAR result: Word
  );


     TASK is the procedure to make into a task.  It must match type
     task_proc, having a single variable as its parameter.

     PARAM is the parameter to pass to new_task.  It may be a variable
     of any type, so long its what the task expects.  For example, if
     you pass a Word and the task expects a LongInt, the task will get
     invalid data.

     STACK_SIZE is the size of the new task's stack.  A stack will be
     allocated from the heap.  The minimum stack size is 512 bytes, but
     most tasks will need more.

     ID is set to the task ID of the newly created task.  If the task
     is not created because of an error, then id is not set.

     RESULT is the result code, which is set to one of these values:

          0                   No error, task created ok

          heap_full           Unable to allocate heap for the task's
                              stack

          too_many_tasks      Maximum number of tasks are already
                              running


The new task is created and added to the end of the task list.  The new
task will be executed when the task before it calls switch_task.















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MTASK 2.0 by Wayne Conrad



2.1.2 PROCEDURE TERMINATE_TASK


PROCEDURE terminate_task (id: Word; VAR result: Word);


     ID is the task id of the task you want to terminate.  If ID = 0,
     then the current task will be terminated.

     RESULT is the result code, which is set to one of these values.

          0                   No error, task deleted ok

          invalid_task_id     There is no task with that ID number


The designated task will be removed from the task list.  If its stack
was allocated from the heap, it is returned to the heap.

If the terminated task is the current task and there is another task in
the task list, a task switch occurs.  On the other hand, if the
terminated task is the current task and there are no other tasks in the
task list, then the program exits to DOS.

A task may terminate itself by returning from its main procedure.  For
example, when this task is executed, it will immediately display a
message and then terminate itself.


     PROCEDURE task (VAR param);
     BEGIN
       Writeln ('We just started, but already we're terminating')
     END;























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MTASK 2.0 by Wayne Conrad



2.1.3 PROCEDURE switch_task


     PROCEDURE switch_task;


This procedure causes an immediate switch to the next task in the task
list.  The task list is always scanned as a circular list.  For
example, if there are three tasks in the list -- task 1, task 2, and
task 3 -- then they will be executed in this order:


     1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3 . . .


If the current task is the only task, then no task switch occurs.

The stack pointer is switched to its position in the new task's stack.
If the new task has just been created, then its main procedure will be
executed from the beginning.  On the other hand, if the new task had
put itself to sleep by asking for a task switch, then control will
return to the point where it called switch_task.



2.1.4 FUNCTION CURRENT_TASK_ID


     FUNCTION current_task_id: Word;


This function returns the task ID number of the currently executing
task.  When calling an MTASK procedure to do something to a task, the
task ID number is always used to identify the task.

A task is assigned its ID number when it is created.  A task's ID
number belongs to it as long as that task exists, and will not be
changed or reassigned until the task terminates.  Even after the task
terminates, Mtask will avoid re-assigning its ID for as long as
possible.  Since there are 65535 possible task ID's, this could be a
very long time indeed.



2.1.5 FUNCTION NUMBER_OF_TASKS


     FUNCTION number_of_tasks: Word;


This function returns the number of tasks in the task list.  There will
always be at least one task.




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MTASK 2.0 by Wayne Conrad



3.1 TRICKS AND TRAPS


This section focuses on some of the tricks and traps of programming in
this multi-tasking environment.  Like all multi-tasking environments,
strange things can happen.  You'll learn how to watch for problems with
shared data, and crunched parameters.

I will only give a few examples of the problems that can occur in
multi-tasking environments.  There are other problems that can occur
when using MTASK, although the problems are less numerous and simpler
to solve than when using a preemptive multi-tasking system.  This
section should help you to begin thinking like a real-time programmer,
giving you an idea of the kinds of problems to watch for.  For a real
education on concurrent programming, head to your library or book store
and look for a book on operating systems.



3.1.1 PASSING PARAMETERS TO TASKS


When you create a task, you can pass a parameter to it.  For example, a
BBS program needs to tell a task which node it is, so that the task
knows which serial port to use for i/o.  The parameter you pass is
"untyped," meaning that it can be any type of variable.  You must be
familiar with how Turbo handles untyped variables.

The sample program TEST18S shows how to pass a word variable to a
task.  You can pass any kind of variable, including records, arrays,
and even files.

One thing to remember is that when you pass an untyped parameter to a
task, you are actually passing the address of the parameter, not the
parameter itself.  Therefore, if you pass the task a paramater and then
modify the parameter, the task may see the new value instead of the old
value.  It will all depend upon where task switches occur.

As a general rule, parameters you pass to a task should be global
variables or typed constants.  Global variables and typed constants are
both in the data segment.  Local variables are declared on the current
task's stack, and cannot be assured of existing for very long.  If you
a procedure passes one of its local variables to a task that it's
creating, and then the procedure returns, that local variable is
"thrown away" and its space can be reused by other procedures.  That
would cause the value of the parameter you passed to the task to change
unpredictably.









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MTASK 2.0 by Wayne Conrad



3.1.2 SHARED DATA


Problems can occur when two or more tasks are using the same global
variables.  If two or more tasks have access to the same variable, you
need to consider carefully what will happen if two tasks access the
variable concurrently.  This pseudo-code example shows two tasks.
task_a is computing the sum of an array of Reals.  Task_b is clearing
the values in the array.


     CONST
       data_size = 1000;
     VAR
       data: ARRAY [1.03/15/90ta_size] OF Real;


     PROCEDURE task_a;
        .
        .
        .
     sum := 0.0;
     FOR i := 1 TO data_size DO
       BEGIN
       sum := sum + data [i];
       switch_task;
       END;
        .
        .
        .
     END;


     PROCEDURE task_b;
        .
        .
        .
     FOR i := data_size DOWNTO 1 DO
       BEGIN
       data [i] := 0.0;
       switch_task;
       END;
        .
        .
        .
     END;


Do you see what happens if task_a is computing the average at the same
time task_b is clearing the array?  The average will end up being
incorrect, because the data being averaged is being changed while the
average is being computed.  Obviously, this example is contrived.
Nobody in their right mind would call switch_task inside those loops.



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That causes many more context switches than are necessary.

One way to avoid the problem in this particular example is not to call
switch_task inside either of the loops.  Then you could be sure that an
average would not take place while you were clearing the array, and
array clearing would not take place during an average.

You cannot always avoid calling switch_task, however.  Suppose that
floating point addition on your computer was so slow that it took many
seconds to compute the average.  You may have other tasks that cannot
afford to be denied CPU time for more than a fraction of a second.
What do you do?

The solution here is to create a flag that indicates when a task is
using the data array.  When one task is using the data array the flag
will be set to True, indicating that no other task should access it.


     CONST
       flag: Boolean = False;


     PROCEDURE task_a;
        .
        .
        .
     WHILE flag DO
       switch_task;
     flag := True;
     sum := 0.0;
     FOR i := 1 TO data_size DO
       BEGIN
       sum := sum + data [i];
       switch_task;
       END;
     flag := False;
        .
        .
        .
     END;
















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MTASK 2.0 by Wayne Conrad



     PROCEDURE task_b;
        .
        .
        .
     WHILE flag DO
       switch_task;
     flag := True;
     FOR i := data_size DOWNTO 1 DO
       BEGIN
       data [i] := 0.0;
       switch_task;
       END;
     flag := True;
        .
        .
        .
     END;


Do you see what's going on here?  Before task_a does an average, it
checks the flag to see whether someone else is messing with the data
array.  If someone is, then it waits until the data structure is
available, sets the flag to indicate that it now "owns" the data array,
and proceeds to compute the average.  When the average is finished,
task_a resets the flag, to allow any other task which is waiting for
the data array to have access.  task_b is doing exactly the same thing.

Now both tasks can go on calling switch_task even while messing with
the data array, without concern that some other task will access the
data array at the same time.  This technique will work for any number
of tasks.



3.1.3 WHEN TO SWITCH TASKS?


Obviously, the examples in 3.1.2 switch tasks far too often.  The
program will spend more time bouncing from one task to another than it
will doing anything useful!  If your loop is too time consuming to
leave out task switches, and switching tasks during every iteration of
the loop is too often, try something like this:


     FOR i := 1 TO 10000 DO
       BEGIN
       IF i MOD 100 = 0 THEN
         switch_task;
       do_something_useful;
       END;


This will switch tasks every hundreth iteration of the loop.



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If your program is going to do something that takes a while, like disk
i/o, it should probably switch tasks before doing so to let the other
tasks get some time before the long delay occurs.  In fact, if you are
doing several lengthy disk operations in a row, call switch_task before
every one.


     Assign (inf, 'INPUT03/15/90T');
     switch_task;
     Reset (inf);
     Assign (outf, 'OUTPUT03/15/90T');
     switch_task;
     Rewrite (outf);


Many programs have to wait for input at some point.  Input loops are a
perfect place to switch tasks.  In fact, any time a task cannot proceed
because its input is not ready, or for any other reason, it should
switch tasks.


     WHILE NOT KeyPressed DO
       switch_task;
     ch := ReadKey;


It is a matter of judgement where task switches should occur.  It will
depend upon the program and circumstances around each operation.



4.1 REVISION HISTORY


Version 1.0, MTASK10.ARC.

     Original release by Wayne E. Conrad

Version 1.1, MTASK11.ARC.

     Minor changes to documentation, including using spaces instead of
     tabs.  ARC file now includes the original documentation in
     Multi-Edit format, as well as the printable file.

Version 2.0, MTASK20.ZIP.

     When a task is terminated, Mtask tries to not assign that task's
     id to a new task for as long as possible.  In order to accomplish
     this, task id's are now words (1..65535).

     The create_task procedure was often returning bogus error numbers
     when in fact no error had occured.  Fixed.




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     The get_task_info procedure is gone, in preparation for a change
     in the way task information is stored.  If you need this
     procedure, you should be able to copy it out of version 1.1
     without any problems.

















































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